Hey Everyone, just to please insoo, im gonna put a proper blog for something – Im a fan of POTC so heres the trailer for the upcoming movie – (it should be here soon )

Thes are the definitions that are needed to be KNOWN for chemistry

Atom – The smallest part of an element whhich can exist as a stable entity
Atomic Number – The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Symbol (Z) Also equal to the number of positive charges in the nucleus of an atom.
Chemical Change-A change of substances into other new substances which can include:
-a change in temperature
-a change in colour
-a new odour
-light emitted
-a gaas evolved
-a substance appears
-a substance dissapears
Compound – A substance with constant compositionthat can be broken into elements by chemical processes
Electron: The ultimate indivisible negative charge, or particle of negative electricity, and forms an integral part of every atom.
Element- A substance that cannot be divided further by chemical methods. A chemical is defined by its atomic number
Heterogeneuous Mixture- A mixture having non uniform composition where we can recognise small piecces of the material which are different from other pieces. Heterogeneuous mixtures can be separated by physical or mechanical means into homogeneous mixtures.
Homogeneous Mixture- Means of Uniform composition throughout.
Ion – an atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons and thus carries a negative or positive charge.
Isotope – Elements or atoms which have the same atomic number and therefore similar chemical properties, but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Although they share similar characteristics their change in mass (caused by neutrons) causes slight differences in physical properties
Mass Number- Mass number is hte number of protons plus neutrons in the necleus of the atom
Matter- That which has mass and occupies space
Mixture- A sample matter that is not a pure substance. A mixture can be separated into pure substances by physical or mechanical means, they display properties of the pure substances making them up and their composition may be varied.
Molecule – A neutral bonded colection of two atoms of the same or different elements
Natural abundance – of an isotope is the percentahge of naturally ovuring element that is composed of that isotope
Neutron -One of the fundamental particles in an atom. It has almost the same mass as a proton but is electrically neutral
Nucleus – The small dense centre of positive chargein an atom. The Neucleus is compsosed of Protons and Neutrons
Physical Change A change in the form of a sbstanc, but not in its chemical composition; chemical bonds are not broken ina physical change
Proton- One of the units from which all forms of matter are built. The proton is identical to the nucleus of the Hydrogen atom having a mass of one atomic unit and a unit positive charge equivilent to that of a negative charge of an electron
Pure substance – Cannot be separated into two or more substances by physical means. It is homogeneous. Its Common properties are constant throughout the whole sample. Its properties do not change, regardless of how it is prepared or purified.

This summary deals with the synthesis of hydrogen in a lab.
Observations
-fast bubbling with alluminium
-Very HOT
-smokey stuff comes out of the bubbles

Equations
NaOH + Al –> Al2Na6O3 + H2
Sodium Hydroxide(aq) + Alluminum(s) –> Alluminium Sodium Oxide(aq) + Hydrogen Gas (g)

Alluminium is HIGHLY flameable and will react with air

This experiment deals with the synthesis of Ammonia in a lab.
Physical Properties/observations
-ammonia is very soluble in water
-Ammonia is a basic Gas
-It is lighter than air (downward displacement collection method)

Equations
synthesis of Ammonia
1.NH4Cl(s) + Ca(OH)2(s) HEAT –> NH4OH(aq)+CaCl2(aq)
Ammonium Chloride + Calcium Hydroxide HEATED –> Ammonium Hydroxide + Calcium Chloride
2.NH4OH HEAT NH3(g)+H20 (l)
Ammonium Chloride HEATED Ammonia + Water

Ammonia in Water
H20(l) + NH3(g) –> NH4OH (aq)
Water + Ammonia –> Ammonium Hydroxide (basic)

These are some useful ions that NEED to be know for the chemistry tests:

Ammmonium NH4+
Copper (II) Cu2+
Hydrogen H+
Silver Ag+
Sodium Na+
Pottasium K+
Barium 2+
Calcium Ca2+
Chromium(II) Cr ++
Iron(II) Fe++
Lead(II) Pb++
Magnesium Mg++
Zinc Zn++
Alluminium Al+++
Iron(III) Fe+++
Phosphate PO4—
Acetate Ch3OO-
Bromide Br-
Chloride Cl-
chlorate ClO3-
Cyanide CN-
Fluoride F-
Hydride H-
Hdrogen Carbonate/Bicarbonate HCO3-
Hydrogen sulphate/Bisulphate HSO4-
Iodide I-
Nitrate NO3-
Permanganate MnO4-
Carbonate CO3–
Oxide O2
Sulphate SO4–
Sulphide S–
Sulphite SO3–

The USA is the greatest power on Earth at this time. At the time of its entry into the world, its ideals were liek nothing seen before. Emphasising the need for the individual, the USA has become the single superpower of the world because of the national forces at work in its past.

-The sense of Nationalism in the US was different to that felt in Europe
-People came in an effort to reject the old ideas of the Old World
-deliberately abandoned the ‘European’ way of life characterised byclass divisions and in equality in the standards of living
-Americans came in to the New World in hope that all men were equal (but not women and coloured people)

-Many different races came to America in search of this freedom and equality:
-English
-Poles
-Dutch
-Most of Europe
-Chinese
-Japanese
-Africans (through the slave trade)

-A new type of Nationalism emerged from the mix of different races – different to the regular sense of Nationalism defined by common PHYSICAL charateristics such as race or language.
-The common/shared experience
-Being free from tyranny and oppression
-Being equal under the eyes of the Law
-Being Different to Europe and being fresh and new and forward looking

EFFECT ON THE GOVERNMENT
-This new sense of ‘being free’ and liberalism is transferred over to their government system
-American Constitution
-The American nation was a Liberalist Nation emphasising the the needs of the people over the needs of the Nation contrary to Germany, running on Liberal and reactionary Nationalism

EFFECT ON THE ECONOMY
-One of the definig features of America was the difference from the old European economic system in which there were major class differences and it was virtually impossible to move up the social order.
-The economic system in the USA rewared those with talent, patience, and cunning, with little fear of Government forces intervening and taking the wealth of the individual.
-Believed in the policy of lassez faire (hands off)
-American identity based on the idea of freedom and capitalism and individualism
-The wealth that this system produced created a shared culture between americans and while strengthening the country as a nation economically it also strengtheed the country as a community
-Free people from the ’shackles of poverty’

THE CIVIL WAR
-Both sides fighting for what they trully believed in
-Nationalism is therefore aparent in each sides cause
-South fighting to leave the union and for slavery
-North fighting for the abolishment of slavery and for the preservation of the union of the Union

CONCLUSION
-Difference from Europe – Defining national feature
-The emphasis on freedom and individualism
-’the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people’
-The Liberal Government
-Americans draw enormouse pride from the concept and nature of their ‘liberal’ nation.

What was the League of Nations, and how successful was it?
Success:
-Allowing the Germans to join the League of Nations
-The Laccarno Treaties
-Gustav Stresseman
-good ideals of collective security
-internationalism/internatoinal law

Failure
-The League of Nations had no real power
-No military arm
-relied on Trade sanctions and boycotts
-The most POWERFUL nations: USA, RUSSIA, DO NOT JOIN Britain and France are spent during WWI
-ridiculous concept of Disarmament and the agreement NOT to go to war
-Self Determination creates conflict between what nations want

-Wall Street Crash – governments left with no money and extreme parties rise eg. Hitler, Communists
-No money leads to nations’ need for rescources e.g Japanese invasion of Manchuria

-No real Power e.g. Hitler testing the power of the LoN by entering the Rhineland, Musso invading Abbyssinia(Ethiopia)
-UN no Power to stop Germany instead using the policy of Appeasement
-Let things get too out of hand and WW2 breaks out.

The Industrial revolution, also known as the economic revolution changed the way humans lived in terms of their living standards, politics and lifestyles. In addition it has created clear lines and issues concerning nationalism

Developments:
-World becomes more urbanised/industrialised
-Massive decrease on emphasis in farming
-massive increase of jobs in the cities
-jobs filled by dispossessed farmers

-Lifestyle shifts from subsistence to surplus
-Allows governments to increase trade through surpluss in goods and products
-Money allows for expansion and development in different areas.

-Due to the shift in focus from farming to enjoying life (upper class) Imperialist attitudes form and more colonies established with expanisionist attitudes.
-The rivaling superiority of each nations becomes an intense nationalist driving force.
-NATIONALISM

-Through the increase in technology and subsequent influx of money during the industrial revolution, nations were able to focus on expanding their empires/territories creating intense nationalist pride with nationalism being a driving force
-The Industrial revolution also creates a distinct split between two social classes: the working class and the middle class entrepeneurs. The middles class explioted many of the working lower class and subsequently ‘class warfare’ begins between the two social classes

**NB** The rise in power of the middle class is due to the French revolution’s redistribution of power.

Topic: That we should get out of Iraq – we are Negative
in other words:
We should NOT get out of Iraq

Ok guys, this is open space, so post your ideas/comments/suggestions below and i will add/remove them to this post.

Hey everyone in 11.2s GPS debating   Watch this space for info on debating topics and such. We can discuss points and arguments for upcoming debates outside of class.  I will make a new post for each debate where we you can post your ideas/edits/suggestions below.  I will then add it to the post making a collective and more organized set of points and arguments from which we can easily access and write off.  Feel free to Post your comments so far below: